Cardiac Output Studies: Quick Reference Guide 
 
Key Definitions and reference values:
 

 
 
2. Determinants of Cardiac Output: 

Cardiac Output = Heart rate x stroke volume
(CO = HR × SV) 
 

 
3. Interpreting Cardiac Output Trends, examples: 
 


4. Nursing Responsibilities 

✅ Before measurement 
Zero and level transducers to phlebostatic axis 
Ensure calibration and correct catheter position 
Record hemodynamic baseline (BP, HR, rhythm, SpO₂) 
 
✅ During measurement 
Avoid artifact (no flushing during reading) 
Record and take the average of 3 consistent readings 
 
✅ After measurement 
Document and trend values 
Correlate with clinical picture (BP, urine output, cognition) 
Notify clinician of significant deviations 
 
5. Quick Troubleshooting guide: 



 
6. Haemodynamics Summary:



7. Mnemonics help: 
 
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